Total CO2-equivalent life-cycle emissions from commercially available passenger cars
نویسندگان
چکیده
The international passenger car market is undergoing a transition from vehicles with internal combustion engines to hybrid and fully electrified reduce the climate impact of transportation sector. To emphasize importance this needed change, paper provides holistic comparisons total life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by wide selection commercially available cars different powertrains energy sources. Simple analytical models are used quantify GHG in terms CO 2 -equivalent values relative vehicle curb weight peak motor power. production, utilization recycling separately quantified based on latest reviewed emission coefficient values. In 790 variants considered. results show that Battery Electric Vehicles have highest production emissions. For example, additional Tesla Model 3 Standard Plus approximately correspond driving Volkwagen Passat 2.0 TSI after 18 000 km. Nonetheless, it shown conventional gasoline diesel emit amount GHGs comparison powered other resources. When using green electricity, plug-in electric can engine 73 % 89 %, respectively. A similar reduction achieved biogas (81 %). Fuel cell extent as (charged electricity) when gray hydrogen (60 • Quantification variants. reduced up compared vehicles. Modern battery techniques counterbalance about 60 65 %. renewable fuels, such compressed biogas, change increase
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['1879-0690', '1364-0321']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112158